513 Blockpraktikum Einkristallzüchtung, Elektronenmikroskopie, Pulverdiffraktometrie

High-temperature single crystal growth out of solution

In this advanced lab session, we perform single crystal growth out of a high-temperature metallic solution. We study the crystallization processes, and the laws of thermodynamics which control the solidification of a binary solution and rule these processes. Phase diagrams are the most important tool for crystal growth. They are represented as maps, in the temperature-composition space, of the state of the system in thermodynamic equilibrium. After learning how to read a binary phase diagram and how to use it determine the right parameters for the growth process (such as liquidus, solidus, solidification ranges and eutectic temperatures), we will grow single crystals of a binary phase using a self-flux technique that will be explained in details. The appropriate composition and amount of starting materials will be weighted and loaded in a crucible, sealed in protective atmosphere and heated in a furnace. After a first analysis of the growth, the obtained single crystals will be characterized in subsequent lab sessions using x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The lab session takes place at the Institute of Experimental Physics IV, NB 4

Student manual

Responsible: Dr. Ashiwini Balodhi (ashiwini.balodhi (at) ruhr-uni-bochum.de)

Electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy

In this advanced lab session, the single crystals which were obtained previously will be characterized using electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is commonly used for analysis of the surface of bulk samples. In addition to imaging the surface, it allows to obtain information about the local chemical composition via energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. In research and development, scanning electron microscopes are used from semiconductor- and nanotechnology to biology. In an SEM, a finely focused electron beam scans the sample surface. These primary electrons interact with the surface. Products of this interaction, such as secondary electrons or x-rays, are used for imaging and sample analysis. The goal of this advanced lab session ist to understand the fundamental physical processes involved and the diverse interaction mechanisms of electron beam and sample. In the course of the lab session, the students will become familiar with sample preparation and operation of the SEM. While studying their own samples, the students will discuss the different contrasts mechanisms and interaction between electron beam and sample. In addition to analyzing the sample surface, the sample composition and chemical homogeneity will be studied.

Student Manual

Responsible: Dr. Sangeetha N.S.

Powder x-ray diffraction

In this advanced lab session, the single crystals which were obtained previously will be characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). PXRD is a major technique in the investigation of condensed matter. It is primarily used for phase identification and for determination of crystal structure and lattice parameters of crystalline materials. The goal of this experiment is to teach the students the basics of PXRD. The students will start by preparing finely ground samples of investigated materials as well as a standard material for comparison. During the experiment the students will be given a detailed introduction of the x-ray diffractometer, showing them all of the major components and teaching them how to handle it. After collecting the diffraction data, the students will be asked to analyze them using standard programs and provide detailed information on the investigated material such as composition, structure and lattice parameters. The obtained results will be compared to literature.

Student manual

Responsible: Dr. Andreas Kreyssig

Low-Temperature Electrical Transport

In this experimental study, students are introduced to low-temperature electrical transport, one of the key techniques in the field of solid-state physics research. This hands-on learning experience gives students a unique opportunity to directly engage in the measurement of electrical properties of single crystals under cryogenic conditions and the necessary preparations associated. This also provides students with the opportunity to examine the relationship between electrical resistance and temperature and identify potential phase transitions.

Student manual

Responsible: Teslin Rose Thomas and Dr. Andreas Kreyssig